What Is a Personal Financial Statement? (2026 Guide)

A personal financial statement (PFS) is a dated, one-page summary of everything you own, everything you owe, and the net worth left over once you subtract the second from the first. Lenders, divorce courts, estate planners, and SBA loan officers read it to size up an individual the same way a balance sheet sizes up a company. This guide covers the accounting definition, what goes on the statement, who is required to produce one, and how a PFS differs from the business balance sheet people often confuse it with.

Key takeaways

• A PFS reports assets at estimated current value (today's market worth), not what you originally paid for them.
• Net worth = assets − liabilities. The accounting version subtracts one more line: the estimated tax you would owe if you sold everything.
• For SBA 7(a) and 504 loans, the PFS is SBA Form 413, required from every owner with a 20% or larger stake.
• It has to be current: within 120 days of submission for 7(a)/504, within 90 days for SBA disaster loans.
• You do not need a CPA. You sign Form 413 yourself, under penalty of criminal prosecution.

What is a personal financial statement?

The formal rules come from the American Institute of CPAs. AICPA Statement of Position 82-1, now codified as FASB ASC 274, sets estimated current value and the accrual basis as generally accepted accounting principles for personal financial statements. That is the single biggest thing that separates a PFS from a casual net-worth tally: the home you bought for $250,000 fifteen years ago goes on the statement at what it would sell for today, not at its purchase price.

Two other presentation rules follow from the standard. Assets are listed in order of liquidity, so cash and brokerage accounts come before real estate and a closely held business. Liabilities are listed in order of maturity. There is no current-versus-long-term split the way a corporate balance sheet has, because an individual has no operating cycle.

A personal financial statement also folds in a line most people leave out of their own math: the estimated income tax on built-in gains. If a rental property is worth $500,000 against a $300,000 tax basis, that $200,000 of appreciation carries a latent capital-gains bill, and the accounting version of the statement nets it out before arriving at net worth. For a borrower with appreciated real estate or a large traditional IRA, that line is the difference between a paper number and the cash the assets would actually yield.

What goes on a personal financial statement

Every version of the document, from the AICPA standard to SBA Form 413 to a bank's own intake form, captures the same four things.

Assets: what you own

A full inventory of everything with economic value, each item at its estimated current value. SBA Form 413 lays out the line items most forms follow: cash on hand and in banks, savings accounts, IRA and other retirement accounts, accounts and notes receivable, the cash surrender value of life insurance, stocks and bonds, real estate, automobiles, other personal property, and other assets. Marketable securities use current quotes; real estate uses an appraisal or comparable sales; personal property uses resale value, not the replacement cost on your homeowner's policy.

Liabilities: what you owe

Every personal obligation, measured at the current balance needed to settle it. On Form 413 that means accounts payable, notes payable to banks and others, installment accounts for autos and other purchases, loans against life insurance, mortgages on real estate, unpaid taxes, and other liabilities. Your mortgage goes on at the principal balance from the lender's most recent statement, not the original loan amount.

Net worth: the bottom line

Total assets minus total liabilities. On Form 413 the figure sits directly under total liabilities, and the form requires that total assets equal total liabilities plus net worth, the same identity a balance sheet uses. The AICPA framework refines it by subtracting the estimated tax on built-in gains as well, which gives a more conservative number for anyone holding heavily appreciated assets.

Income and contingent liabilities

Form 413 reserves Section 1 for annual income (salary, net investment income, real estate income, other income) and for contingent liabilities: amounts you owe only if something happens. Personal guarantees on a co-owned LLC's debt, co-signed loans, and pending legal claims all belong here. These do not change your net worth directly, but they tell a lender what could land on your plate later.

Who needs a personal financial statement

The PFS is the document that evaluates you as an individual, separate from any business you own. The people who are routinely asked for one:

• Small-business owners and their guarantors applying for SBA or conventional financing.
• Real estate investors financing or refinancing property in their own name.
• Jumbo-mortgage and private-bank borrowers whose loan size triggers a full look at reserves and assets.
• Anyone in a divorce or legal separation, where the court requires a full financial disclosure.
• People building an estate plan, where the personal balance sheet is the starting point for wills, trusts, and beneficiary design.

When a personal financial statement is required

1. SBA 7(a) and 504 loans. Under 13 CFR 120.160, holders of at least a 20% ownership interest generally must guarantee the loan, and each one files SBA Form 413. General partners, LLC managing members, and any guarantor file one too, even below 20%. The full section-by-section breakdown is in our SBA Form 413 guide and the how to fill out SBA Form 413 walkthrough.
2. Conventional business loans with a personal guarantee. When a bank relies on an owner's personal guarantee, it collects a PFS on its own form. The data is the same as Form 413's. We cover what those underwriters look for in personal financial statement for a business loan.
3. Jumbo mortgages. A jumbo loan exceeds the conforming limit — $832,750 for a one-unit home in most counties in 2026, per the FHFA figure reported by Rocket Mortgage. Loans that large often come with reserve and asset documentation that amounts to a personal financial statement, even when the lender does not use that name.
4. Divorce financial disclosure. Both spouses must disclose what they own, owe, earn, and spend. California's courts, for example, require this disclosure within 60 days of filing, and incomplete disclosure carries real penalties. See our divorce financial disclosure use case.
5. Estate planning and wealth management. A current personal balance sheet is the foundation for trust and beneficiary decisions; our estate planning financial statement use case covers the workflow.

Personal lines of credit are the main place a full PFS is usually not required — those lean on your credit score and income instead, unless the line is large or part of a private-banking relationship.

Personal financial statement vs. balance sheet

People reach for "balance sheet" to describe a PFS, and the two are cousins, but they answer different questions. Cornell's legal dictionary defines financial statements as reports about a business entity; a personal financial statement adapts that idea to a person. The practical differences:

The most useful way to hold the distinction: your business has a balance sheet, and you have a personal financial statement, and on your PFS the whole business collapses into one asset. When you apply for an SBA loan, the lender reads both documents side by side. The longer build-it walkthrough, with a filled example, lives on our what is a personal financial statement resource page.

How your net worth compares

The number at the bottom of your statement means more once you see where it sits nationally. The Federal Reserve's Survey of Consumer Finances, the most authoritative read on U.S. household balance sheets, defines net worth the way SBA Form 413 does: total assets minus total liabilities.

Median and mean tell different stories. The same Fed report puts mean family net worth at $1,063,700, more than five times the median, because a small number of very wealthy households pull the average up. A net worth of $500,000 is well above the typical family and still below the average. Housing drives a lot of it: median net housing value for families that own a home rose to $201,000 in 2022.

You can run your own figure in our free net worth calculator before you commit it to a form.

Do you need a CPA to prepare one?

No. SBA Form 413 is filled out and signed by the individual, who certifies its accuracy under penalty of criminal prosecution. There is no requirement that a CPA prepare or sign it, and the same is true of the bank-proprietary forms.

A CPA earns the fee in specific situations. When a lender or a court wants added assurance, a CPA can compile, review, or audit a personal financial statement under AICPA standards. And if you hold assets that are genuinely hard to value, like a closely held business interest or a concentrated private holding, a CPA's valuation work makes the statement defensible. For a salaried borrower with a home, retirement accounts, and a car loan, none of that is necessary.

How to prepare a personal financial statement well

Start by gathering the source documents, because every number on the statement should trace to one: the most recent statement for each bank, brokerage, and retirement account, your latest mortgage and loan statements, and a current value for any real estate. The statement is only as good as the evidence behind it, and a lender who pulls your credit report will notice when the two disagree.

Value assets at what they would sell for today, not what you paid. That is the rule the accounting standard sets, and it is also what a lender expects to see. The exception is the appreciated-asset tax question: if you are presenting a serious statement of net worth, knowing the latent tax on your gains keeps you from overstating what your portfolio is really worth.

Disclose every contingent liability, even the ones you would rather forget. A personal guarantee on a co-owned LLC's lease, a loan you co-signed for a relative, a pending claim — they belong on the statement, and a lender sees most of them on a credit report anyway. Leaving them off turns a math question into a credibility question.

Finally, keep it current and consistent. Form 413 has to be dated within 120 days of an SBA 7(a) or 504 submission and within 90 days for a disaster loan, and many lenders enforce a tighter window. If you expect to need a statement more than once, start from a structured personal financial statement template or the SBA Form 413 template rather than rebuilding it from a blank page each time.

FAQ

What is a personal financial statement?

A personal financial statement is a dated summary of one person's or one household's assets, liabilities, and net worth. Under the AICPA standard that governs it (SOP 82-1, codified as FASB ASC 274), assets appear at their estimated current value rather than original cost, and net worth is what remains after subtracting liabilities and the estimated tax on built-in gains. Lenders, courts, and financial planners use it to evaluate an individual the way a balance sheet evaluates a company.

What is included in a personal financial statement?

Four things: assets (cash, investments, retirement accounts, real estate, business interests, and personal property at estimated current value), liabilities (credit cards, auto and student loans, mortgages, unpaid taxes, and other debts), net worth (assets minus liabilities), and usually a section for income and contingent liabilities such as personal guarantees or co-signed loans. SBA Form 413 organizes all of this on one page with eight supporting schedules.

What is the difference between a personal financial statement and a balance sheet?

A balance sheet reports a business entity, mostly at historical cost, and ends in owners' equity. A personal financial statement reports an individual or family at estimated current value and ends in net worth. Your stake in a business shows up on your PFS as a single asset valued at its estimated current worth, not as the company's underlying assets and liabilities line by line.

Who needs a personal financial statement?

Anyone who owns 20% or more of a business applying for an SBA 7(a) or 504 loan must file SBA Form 413, per 13 CFR 120.160, as must general partners, LLC managing members, and loan guarantors. Beyond the SBA, conventional business lenders ask for one whenever an owner signs a personal guarantee, jumbo-mortgage and private-bank underwriters often request one, and divorce and estate-planning processes require the same asset-and-liability disclosure.

Do I need a CPA to prepare a personal financial statement?

No. SBA Form 413 is completed and signed by the individual, who certifies it under penalty of criminal prosecution; no CPA signature is required. A CPA can compile, review, or audit a personal financial statement when a lender or court wants added assurance, and professional help is worth it if you hold hard-to-value assets like a closely held business, but it is optional for most SBA and consumer purposes.

How recent does a personal financial statement need to be?

For SBA 7(a), 504, surety bond, 8(a) BD, and WOSB applications, Form 413 (05-24) must be dated within 120 days of submission; SBA disaster-loan applicants use a 90-day window, per the form's instructions. Many lenders enforce a tighter internal window, so if underwriting drags on, expect a request for a refreshed statement before they fund.

How do you calculate net worth on a personal financial statement?

Add up the estimated current value of everything you own, add up the current balances of everything you owe, and subtract the second total from the first. The AICPA framework subtracts one more line: the estimated income tax you would owe if you sold every appreciated asset at its stated value. The simple consumer version, total assets minus total liabilities, is the figure that appears on SBA Form 413.

Related reading

• How to fill out SBA Form 413: a section-by-section guide
• Personal financial statement for a business loan
• The personal financial statement template guide
• SBA Form 413, Section 5: contingent liabilities
• More in the personal finance and SBA lending archives.

If you would rather generate a clean, lender-ready statement than assemble one in a spreadsheet, that is what StatementsReady does: sync read-only bank balances through Plaid, and it produces a PDF that mirrors SBA Form 413, formatted and current.